AI+HW 2035: Shaping the Next Decade

--> Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence arXiv:2603.05225 [Submitted on 5 Mar 2026] Title: AI+HW 2035: Shaping the Next Decade Authors: Deming Chen , Jason Cong , Azalia Mirhoseini , Christos Kozyrakis , Subhasish Mitra , Jinjun Xiong , Cliff Young , Anima Anandkumar , Michael Littman , Aron Kirschen , Sophia Shao , Serge Leef , Naresh Shanbhag , Dejan Milojicic , Michael Schulte , Gert Cauwenberghs , Jerry M. Chow , Tri Dao , Kailash Gopalakrishnan , Richard Ho , Hoshik Kim , Kunle Olukotun , David Z. Pan , Mark Ren , Dan Roth , Aarti Singh , Yizhou Sun , Yusu Wang , Yann LeCun , Ruchir Puri View a PDF of the paper titled AI+HW 2035: Shaping the Next Decade, by Deming Chen and 29 other authors View PDF HTML Abstract: Artificial intelligence and hardware are advancing at unprecedented rates, yet their trajectories have become inseparably intertwined. The global research community lacks a cohesive, long-term vision to strategically coordinate the development of AI and HW. This fragmentation constrains progress toward holistic, sustainable, and adaptive AI systems capable of learning, reasoning, and operating efficiently across cloud, edge, and physical environments. The future of AI depends not only on scaling intelligence, but on scaling efficiency, achieving exponential gains in intelligence per joule, rather than unbounded compute consumption. Addressing this grand challenge requires rethinking the entire computing stack. This vision paper lays out a 10-year roadmap for AI+HW co-design and co-development, spanning algorithms, architectures, systems, and sustainability. We articulate key insights that redefine scaling around energy efficiency, system-level integration, and cross-layer optimization. We identify key challenges and opportunities, candidly assess potential obstacles and pitfalls, and propose integrated solutions grounded in algorithmic innovation, hardware advances, and software abstraction. Looking ahead, we define what success means in 10 years...